http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4
マタイ
マタイ（英: Matthew the Evangelist）は新約聖書の福音書に登場する人物でイエス・キリストの十二使徒の1人。ギリシア語表記はマタイオス（Μαθθαιος，Matthaios）。マテオ、マトフェイとも表記する。聖書によればイエスの弟子となる以前は収税人であった。東方諸教会・正教会・カトリック教会・聖公会・ルーテル教会で聖人とされる。
新約聖書の最初におさめられた福音書（第一福音書）の本文には著者に関する言及はないが、古代以来伝統的にマタイによるものとされ、『マタイによる福音書』というタイトルがつけられている。近代以降の聖書学的研究のうち、高等批評では、エルサレム崩壊に関する記述は預言でないとの推測に基づく成立年代の設定などから、使徒マタイが著者であるという見解は疑問視されている[1]。だが聖書信仰の福音派では、現在もマタイが記者だと理解している[2]。
各国語での表記は、ラテン語ではマタエウス（Matthaeus）、フランス語ではマテュー（Matthieu）、英語ではマシュー（Matthew）、ドイツ語ではマテウス（Matthäus）、ロシア語では（Матфей）となる。日本語では「マタイ」という表記と共に、まれにイタリア語に由来する「マテオ」（Matteo）という表記が用いられることがある。日本ハリストス正教会では「マトフェイ」という表記を用いる。
生涯 [編集]
『マタイによる福音書』9:9によればローマ帝国の徴税人であったが、イエスの召命に応えて弟子となったとされる。『マルコによる福音書』2:13以下と『ルカによる福音書』5:27以下では同じような記述がみられるが、呼ばれた弟子の名前は「アルファイの子レビ」または「レビ」となっている。このため、伝統的にはマタイとレビ（レヴィ）は同一人物をさすと解釈されてきた。
イエスの弟子となったときの記事を除けば、聖書はマタイの言動を伝えていない。『使徒言行録』によればイエスの死後も教団内にいたようであり、キリストの昇天・ペンテコステなどの記事に名前がみえる。伝承では『マタイによる福音書』を記したと伝えられ、エチオピアまたはペルシアのヘリオポリスで殉教したとされる。
2世紀のパピアスは、マタイが福音書をアラム語で書き、弟子がギリシア語に訳したと伝えている。今日の研究はこの伝承に懐疑的であるが、マタイという名はアラム語起源のもので、彼が初期教団内のヘブライズムの中心人物のひとりであったことが伝承に反映された可能性が示唆される。
聖マタイの召命（カラヴァッジオ）1592年 - 1602年頃 サン・ルイジ・デイ・フランチェージ聖堂（ローマ）
マタイは正教会のイコノスタシスでは他の福音記者とともに王門に描かれる。マタイを描いた美術作品では特にカラヴァッジオのものが著名である。
マタイおよびマタイの福音書はしばしば「人」のシンボルであらわされる。これは『エゼキエル書』1:10に登場する四つの生き物（ライオン、牛、ワシ、人）、と福音書にあてはめられている。
最終更新 2010年7月6日 (火) 12:11 （日時は個人設定で未設定ならばUTC）。
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【出展リンク２】： Saint Matthew ： From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Matthew
Matthew the Evangelist (מתי/מתתיהו, "Gift of Yahweh", Standard Hebrew and Tiberian Hebrew:Mattay or Mattithyahu; Septuagint Greek: Ματθαῖος, Matthaios) was, according to Christian tradition, one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus and one of the four Evangelists.
Matthew, a former tax collector, composed the Gospel of Christ. It was first published in Judea in Hebrew for Hebrew Christians. It was later translated into Greek. Moreover the Hebrew Gospelitself was brought to the Library of Cæsarea by Pamphilus. The Nazarenes, who used it, had a copy of it transcribed for Jerome.[2]
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[edit]Identity
Among the early followers and apostles of Jesus, a Matthew is mentioned in Mt 9:9 and Mt 10:3 as a former tax collector from Capernaum who was called into the circle of the Twelve by Jesus. He is also named among the number of the Twelve, but without identification of his background, in Mk 3:18, Lk 6:15 and Acts 1:13. He is often equated with the figure of Levi, son of Alpheus, also a tax collector, who is mentioned in Mk 2:13 and Lk 5:27.
Early church fathers Epiphanius of Salamis and Jerome mention a first gospel, the now lost Gospel of the Hebrews, said to have been written by Matthew.[3] Epiphanius does not make his own the claim about a Gospel of the Hebrews written by Matthew, a claim that he merely attributes to theheretical Ebionites.[4] Most modern biblical scholars believe that the attested canonical gospel that came to be ascribed to Matthew's authorship by later tradition was probably originally composed in Greek and by an author who was not a direct companion of the historical Jesus.[5]However, other scholars disagree variously on these points.[6][7][8]
Some use the designation "Matthew the Evangelist" to refer to the anonymous gospel author, and "Matthew the Apostle" to refer to the biblical figure described. Christian tradition holds that they are the same person.[9]
[edit]Early life
Matthew was born in First Century Judea. He was a Galilean and the son of Alpheus [10] During the Roman occupation, Matthew collected taxes from the Hebrew people for Herod Antipas. His Tax Office was located in Capernaum. Jews who became rich in such a fashion, were despised and considered outcasts. However, as a tax collector he would have been literate in Aramaic (but probably not Greek or Latin).[9] [11][12]
It was in this setting, near what is today Almagor, that Jesus called Matthew to be one of the Twelve Disciples. After his call, Matthew invited the Lord home for a feast. On seeing this, the Scribes and the Pharisees criticized Jesus for eating with tax collectors and sinners. This prompted Jesus to answer, “I came not to call the righteous, but sinners” [10][12][13][14][15]
[edit]Matthew's Ministry
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Matthew's ministry in the New Testament is likewise complex. When Matthew is mentioned he usually paired him with Thomas. As a disciple, he followed Christ, and was one of the witnesses of theResurrection and the Ascension. Afterwards, Matthew along with Mary, James and other close followers of the Lord, withdrew to the Upper Chamber, in Jerusalem.[16][17][18][19] At about this time James succeeded his brother Jesus of Nazareth[20][21] as the leader of this small Jewish sect.[22]
They remained in and about Jerusalem and proclaimed that Jesus son of Joseph was the promised Messiah. These early Jewish Christians were thought to have been called Nazarenes.[23][24] It is near certain that Matthew belonged to this sect, as both the New Testament and the early Talmud affirm this to be true.[25]
Matthew, for 15 years, preached the Gospel in Hebrew to the Jewish community in Judea. Later in his ministry, he would travel to Gentile nations and spread the Gospel to the Ethiopians, Macedonians,Persians, and Parthians.[citation needed] He is said to have died a natural death either in Ethiopia or in Macedonia. However, the Roman Catholic Church says he died a martyr on September 21, and of the Orthodox Church also says he died a martyr but on November 10.[9][26]
[edit]Matthew's Gospel
Origen said the first Gospel was written by Matthew.[27][28] This Gospel was composed in Hebrew near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians and translated into Greek, but the Greek copy was lost. The Hebrew original was kept at the Library of Caesarea. The Nazarene Community transcribed a copy forJerome which he used in his work.[29] Matthew's Gospel was called the Gospel according to the Hebrews or sometimes the Gospel of the Apostles [30][31] and it was once believed that it was the original to the Greek Matthew found in the Bible, but this has been largely disproved by modern Biblical Scholars.[who?][32]
[edit]Commemoration
Matthew is recognized as a Saint in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglicanchurches.[citation needed] His feast day is celebrated on September 21 in the West, November 16 in the East (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 16 November currently falls on 29 November of the modern Gregorian Calendar). He is also commemorated by the Orthodox, together with the other Apostles, on 30 June (13 July), the Synaxis of the Holy Apostles.
Like the other evangelists, Matthew is often depicted in Christian art with one of the four living creatures of Revelation 4:7. The one that accompanies him is in the form of a winged man. The three paintings of Matthew by Caravaggio in the church of San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, where he is depicted as called by Christ from his profession as gatherer, are among the landmarks of Western art.
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